Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
Galileo
Scientific Revolution:
The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries witnessed one of history's most significant intellectual developments - a sweeping change in man's view of the universe. A proud, earth-centured picture of the universe gave way to one in which the earth was only one of many planets orbiting around the sun - itself only one of million of stars. Because their scientific view of mankind's palce in the larger scheme of things had been transformed, men began to rethink moral and rligious matters as well. The new scientific methods and concepts were deemed so impressive that ever since science has been the measuring stick of all knowlege.
Voltaire
Enlightenment:
Enlightenment thinkers, called philosophes, believed that change and reform were both possible and desirable. They drew on three main sources for their outlook: Isaac Newton, John Locke, and Great Britain. They believed that through reason, man would discover laws in human relationships similar to those of physical nature - the idea that would form the basis for social science in the nineteenth century.
These topics will take over two weeks to explore and discuss. You have been given the packet for these chapters in class. However, you are still expected to type your answers. Use the copy you received in class to take notes and jot down information we learn as a class.
Name:
Period:
Chapter 14 – New Directions in Thought and Culture in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century
Chapter 17 – The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth-Century Thought
Scientific Revolution (must be answered in complete sentences)
What did the following each contribute to the scientific revolution?
- Copernicus
- Brahe
- Kepler
- Galileo
- Newton
- Francis Bacon
- Descartes
Which of the above do you think made the most important contributions and why?
What were the differences between the political philosophies of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke? How did each view human nature?
Would you rather live under a government designed by Hobbes or Locke? Why?
Why were women unable to participate fully in the new science? How did family relationships help some women become more involved in the advance of natural philosophy?
Why did the Catholic Church condemn Galileo?
How did Pascal seek to reconcile faith and reason?
How did English natural theology support economic expansion?
How do you explain the phenomena of witchcraft and witch-hunts in an age of scientific enlightenment?
Why did witch panics occur in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries?
How might the Reformation have contributed to them?
Enlightenment
How did the Enlightenment change basic Western attitudes toward reform, faith, and reason?
Why did the philosophes consider organized religion to be their greatest enemy?
What were the basic tenets of deism?
How did Jewish writers contribute to Enlightenment thinking about religion (Spinoza and Mendelsohn)?
What are the similarities and differences between the Enlightenment evaluation of Islam and its evaluations of Christianity and Judaism?
What were the attitudes of the philosophes toward women?
What was Rousseau’s view of women? What were the separate spheres he imagined men and women occupying?
What were Mary Wollstonecraft’s criticisms of Rousseau’s view?
How did the views of the mercantilists about the earth’s resources differ from those of Adam Smith in his book The Wealth of Nations?
How did the political views of Montesquieu differ from those of Rousseau? Which did Rousseau value more, the individual or society?
Were the enlightened monarchs true believers in the ideals of the philosophes, or was their enlightenment a mere veneer? Was their power really absolute? What motivated their reforms?
What does the partition of Poland indicate about the spirit of enlightened despotism?
Vocabulary: (D) definition and (S) significance.
Scientific Revolution
Ptolemaic System
Geocentric
Nicolaus Copernicus
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
Heliocentric
Tycho Brahe
Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei (and his relationship to the Catholic Church)
Sir Isaac Newton
Francis Bacan
Induction
Rene Descartes
Deduction
Blaise Pascal
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
Margaret Cavendish
Enlightenment
Tabula rasa
Voltaire
Montestquieu
Spirit of Laws
Diderot
Encyclopedia
Rousseau
Social Contract
The Persian Letters
Adam Smith
Laissez-faire
Wealth of Nations
Beccaria
Philosophes
Physiocrats
Enlightened Despotism
Frederick the Great of Prussia
Joseph II of Austria
Catherine the Great of Russia
Deism
Rococo art
Mary Wollstonecraft
Scientific Revolution PowerPoint: http://docs.google.com/present/view?id=dfp82h29_312ckn9nxcg
Enlightenment PowerPoint http://docs.google.com/present/view?id=dfp82h29_320xtp4psvd
Things you should know by the end of these two chapters:
- The astronomical theories of Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton and the emergence of the scientific worldview.
- Impact of the new science on philosophy.
- Social setting of early modern science.
- Women and the scientific revolution.
- Approaches to science and religion.
- Witchcraft and witch-hunts.
- The intellectual and social background of the Enlightenment.
- The philosophes of the Enlightenment and their agenda of intellectual and political reform.
- Enlightenment writers' attitude toward religion.
- The philosophes political thought.
- Efforts of "enlightened" monarchs in central and eastern Europe to increase th eeconomic and military strength of their domains.
- The partitions of Poland by Prussia, Russia, and Austria.